solar air
Development and testing of the stove to support solar dryers and solar air heaters
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The low solar radiation during winter and the rainy season leads to the need for a source of support for solar dryers for heating and solar air heaters. The stove coal backup consists of three main components of the stove, heat exchanger and chimney. The stove consists of the burner and ashtray. The burner is pyramid with holes along the slant height to deliver air to the heat exchanger. Holes in the bottom of the recorder allows easy air circulation and ashtray ash collection. The heat exchanger is a shell and inner tube. The chimney has a rectangular cross section, is connected to one end of the next the casing of the heat exchanger. The chimney has a rectangular hole at the top which serves as an outlet for combustion gases.
A fan located in the ash tray is blowing air through holes in the bottom of the recorder, which led to the combustion gases to pass through a duct located at the inclined burner in the shell side heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger, heat is exchanged between the hot exhaust gases into the reservoir and the ambient air in the tube. The combustion gases heat heat loss in ambient air, while the gain and transport it to the drying chamber for drying meat.
IMPORTANCE
, For use in winter and rainy season, when solar radiation is low
2.0 METHODOLOGY
The development and testing of charcoal stove backup includes the following steps:
- Collecting information on calorific value of coal and its suitability as a heat source.
- The design of each component of the backup heater (ie, stove, a heat exchanger and chimney).
- Selective materials suitable for construction of each component.
- Construction of individual components.
- Assembly and testing of the system.
3.0 DESIGN OF A BACKUP coal stove
The three components of the backup stove are:
- Oven, heat exchanger and chimney.
3.1 KITCHEN
The stove for heat supply to the shell side heat exchanger. It consists of;
- Burner and ashtray
3.2 EXCHANGER
The source of heat to the heat exchanger is burning charcoal. Charcoal burning temperature is about of 600oC. Estimates of the chimney, the exhaust temperature is 100oC. Ambient air enters the tube side of exchanger 25oC and is expected to leave at 65oC.
FIRE 3.3
The stoichiometric air and fuel for efficient combustion of coal is 11:1 (Jidda, 1998). That is m = 11Kg of air / kg fuel. M is the mass of air in kg used per kg of fuel.
CALCULATION DESIGN
TABLE 1
Parameter
Equations
Values
Reference
Average calorific value of charcoal
(CV)
30MJ/kg
D Kulla, 2003
The heat required (Q)
10155.47kJ
Actual heat supply
20310.94kJ
Mass of coal required (M)
0.68kg
Fuel consumption rate (R)
0.08kg/hr
Volume of coal necessary (Vc)
Height of stove (h)
0.163m
Length of the burner plate
The theorem Pythagorean
0.17m
Total heat transfer coefficient (UO)
OC 58.97W/m2
The linear velocity (Um)
20.24m / s
The heat gain by the cold side (Qc)
115.19kJ
Hot fluid flow (MH)
Surface of the tubes (A)
0.0101m2
Pipe length (l)
0.25 m
The total rate of heat transfer (Q)
115.06W
The actual outlet temperature through chimney (Th, out)
99.74oC
The actual temperature in the drying chamber
65oC
Draft (h)
2.99N/m2
Brennan et al, 1981
The actual height (H ')
0.295m
4.0 Construction and assembly
The previous design specifications were used to build each component of the back of the stove. Thesis components are assembled
FIGURE 1. BACK-UP SCHEDULE FOR KITCHEN
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 LOAD TESTING USING SOLID FUELS stove only
This also took place in the new campus of Bayero, Kano on 22 October 2007, and the readings were as follows.
APPLIANCES
Solarimeter and liquid bulb wet and dry in glass thermometers
PROCEDURE
- 1 kg of charcoal is added in the oven and went on fire.
- After 15 minutes the heater fan was on.
- Wet and dry bulb thermometers attached to the entrance of the drying chamber and the camera output.
- Solar radiation and temperatures are measured and recorded every 30 minutes
TABLE 2 TEST LOAD using charcoal stove only
Time
Ta (oC)
Chamber
Air output
Tc (oC)
RH1 (%)
Te (oC)
RH2 (%)
9:00
32
40
46
36
51
10:00
32
50
30
38
48
10:30
32
54
23
39
36
11:00
33
58
20
42
29
11:30
34
62
14
45
23
12:00 hours
34
62
14
48
22
12:30 p.m.
34
62
14
49
21
1:00 pm
34
62
14
50
20
1:30 pm
34
62
14
50
20
2:00 pm
34
62
14
50
20
2:30 pm
34
62
14
52
19
3:00 pm
34
62
14
52
19
5.2 Load testing using fossil-fuel stove with coal as fuel.
The test was carried out in the new campus of Bayero, Kano on 25 October 2007, and the readings were as follows. The test was carried out in 3 mm slice thickness Kilishi. The proportion of water to mix the powder volume is 30:70.
AIM
To dry Kilishi.
OBJECTIVES
- To find the drying time.
- To find the percentage of moisture removed.
- To calculate the efficiency of drying.
APPLIANCES
Solarimeter, liquid in wet and dry bulb thermometers glass, shaker, balance and weight 1kg of charcoal
PROCEDURE
- 1kg of charcoal is added in the stove and the fire was set.
- After 15 minutes the fan in the stove was on.
- The meat was organized in the drying trays in the drying chamber.
- Wet and dry bulb thermometers attached to the entry drying chamber and exit chamber.
- The chamber door was closed and dry weight loss was measured by the weight of sample after the range of 2 hours
- The moisture loss was calculated at each interval.
- When the moisture content of the sample is around 14%, which was removed from the chamber and immersed in the powder mixture prepared solution.
- The mixture was returned to the drying chamber and the continuous drying process.
- The sample weight was measured after each hour.
- The moisture loss was calculated at each interval
- Solar radiation, relative humidity, temperature and mass of the sample are measured and recorded every 30 minutes
TABLE 3; BURDEN OF PROOF using coal KITCHEN
Time
Ta (oC)
Chamber
Air output
Ms (kg)
Tc (oC)
RH1 (%)
Te (oC)
RH2 (%)
STAGE 1 OF THE DRYING PROCESS
9:00
33
48
33
40
54
3.02
10:00 am
33
51
29
39
56
11:00
34
54
23
43
44
1.87
12:00 hours
34
56
22
48
33
1:00 pm
35
56
22
52
27
1.09
STEP 2 drying process
1:30 pm
35
62
14
56
22
2.2
2:00 pm
35
60
18
48
33
2.08
3:00 pm
35
62
14
49
32
1.9
4:00 pm
34
62
14
55
25
1.73
The equilibrium moisture before the second stage of drying is
Therefore final moisture content of Kilishi is
Mass of coal left = 0.47Kg
Back-up efficiency of the stove
TABLE 4
Parameters
Equations
Values
References
Back-up efficiency
0.0714
PMR
Stage 1, PMR = 63.9%
Stage 2, PMR = 21.36%
Final moisture content
7.07%
Mass of coal left
0.47kg
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
A back-up heater for use with solar dryers and solar air heaters was developed and tested. The test was carried out with-Kilishi solar dryer. The performance of the stove was assessed as follows: 3.02Kg fresh meat was dried to 1.73kg of Kilishi in seven hours. The backup stove efficiency is 7.14%. The mass of charcoal used for drying fresh meat 3.02Kg is 0.55 kg of charcoal.
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
In order to improve the performance of the stove, the following measures are recommended.
- Improved coating the kitchen using materials of high heat resistance.
- Replacing coal with coal, due to its high calorific value.
REFERENCES
1. Kulla DM (2003), "Development of a charcoal stove improved", M. Eng (Energy Engineering) Thesis, Bayero University, Kano, pp. 20-42.
2. Brennan, JG, Butter JR, Cowell D. and AEV Lilly (1981), "Food Engineering Operations, 2nd edition, Applied Science Publishers, pp.228-320.
3. Rajput RK, (2006), "Heat and Mass Transfer", Revised Edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd, pp. 563-658.
4. Wecati OM (1985), "Heat Transfer", Basic Approach, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, pp.524-571.
5. Ndrika VIO, (1998), "Development and Performance Evaluation of charcoal Fired Cuisine", Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy, Volume 10, Number 1, pp.72-77.
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