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Seafloor Mapping in Solar
The OCEAN
The ocean is a part of the biological component of the earth in which living things man depend heavily on their resources .. The ocean covers about three quarters of the earth or the earth about 71% of all its corners. The floor has been a favorite expedition of marine biologists and other scientists to discover life beneath it. Oceanography experts are also very interested in exploring the ocean floor to study the trenches, basins and other features. (Encarta)
NOAA
To meet the growing needs of the oceans and studies of the atmosphere, created the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA is responsible for exploring and documenting the world's oceans to correct management, use and formulate measures for the preservation of all living resources. It is also the agency that protects marine life through the implementation of different studies and dissemination of data to be used by different government agencies. The NOAA data gathering is crucial for the preparation of natural disasters state to federal level, thus avoiding what happened in New Orleans. (NOAA Website)
Part of the NOAA National Ocean Services. This office is responsible for the preparation of lists and surveys that meet and, while protection for any activity of the tides and seismic in its area of responsibility. The National Weather Service, is also a critical component of NOAA provides weather forecasts for the general public that serves as a warning for potential disasters ahead. There are other NOAA offices to monitor the ecological balance of the earth and its atmosphere.
Scientists for the Government and private companies have always been surprised by the mysterious composition of the ocean bottom. This has led several deepwater exploration of life under the sea conducting deep seabed mapping to get a better understanding of its shape, features, dimensions and other relevant information. Technology satellite is also used in the study of the composition and topography of the seabed by using techniques called satellite mapping. This technique to measure the level of the oceans to get to the data to determine its composition.
To further enhance this type of study, different techniques have been employed for the past five decades of theory to the use of deep-sea equipment SONAR. The SONAR measures the depth of the seafloor, seismic technique of the graphics features of the ocean sound. Even with the latest gear and techniques available, scientists believe it will take many years before the man map the seabed of the whole earth.
SONAR
SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging, which determines the depth and detect the ocean floor by the reflection of sound waves under water. This technique is used similarly with the radar system that is based on the theory of the reflection of radio waves in open space or air. A regular series of a sonar system generates an ultrasonic pulse using a deep sea, radiating equipment with specialized hydrophone one that reflects the pulse of the possible barriers or approaching submarines. (Encarta)
During the early years of sonar technology particularly during the two world wars, British and Americans had different names for deep water as the detection system. In the UK, British sailors call it the ASDIC of a research group of this technology known as the Anti - or Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee.
Here in the United States, the word SONAR is the name used for all types of submarine detection systems for the Navy during the World Wars. These were widely used to sink enemy ships or submarines. In 1948, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO decided that a name should be used only for their country, members when it comes to deep-water detection system during military operations. The SONAR was the most popular word among members of NATO and was then agreement that will be the official name for this technology. This too was easily adopted by other countries outside Europe. Today, the word SONAR is the word used worldwide for all deep-sea detection system of the navy and civilians. (NATO)
There are actually two types of sonar systems known as active and passive. The active sonar ping produces a sound that travels in the ocean using sound waves and going and determine if it hit something. The ping pulse generated by the active sonar determines the location and variety of objects along its path. This type of sonar has also been a problem with activists of marine life because they believe that cause of beached whales today is due to this technology. (Encarta)
The procedure is that passive sonar operators listen carefully to sounds different, as the vessels within its range. During the war, the Navy uses this technique for obvious reasons, but the limits of its features, because operators need to switch to active mode to generate comprehensive information of the enemy boats or mines at sea.
Sidescan sonar
Scan sonar scientific side is a marine geophysical technique in the context of the sonar system which produces good images of many of the lakes, seabed, including rivers deep. It also offers a wide range of information for the design of marine and submarine measurements identifying barriers or objects. The sidescan sonar is widely used by experts to mapping the topography and the study of marine life from the depths of the sea. Side Scan Sonar is a marine geophysical technique used to image or see the bottom of the sea, lakes or rivers funds. (Sidescan)
The transducer sidescan sonar system is located in a trailer structure of the fish being towed by the vessel for exploring the seabed. This process reflects the acoustic performance seen on a small screen in inside the vessel. Normally, the side-scan sonar range operations are often as 60 to 160 feet wide by about 2 miles per hour. The ability of side-scan sonar can go beyond the usual coverage depending on the scope of use or study conducted. (Sidescan)
For shallow water, installation exploration of the system is different from the study of deep water or open or searches. In this application the transducer connected to the boat can be controlled when operating in such waters.
In the carriage of oil and gas industries sidescan sonar plays a key role in maintaining their safe routes for both ships and crews, including the Navy to provide valuable information on the seabed or the ocean floor beneath them. It also provides maintenance services in real time or research on the state of cables and pipelines constructed in the ocean.
Side-scan information is generated along with bathymetric soundings and sub-database that reveals the surface composition of the sea floor. This technique is widely accepted procedure commonly used by scientists, fishermen advanced ocean engineers and navy to access and use information for studies that include intelligence gathering.
It is said that the side scan provides high resolution using high frequency sound waves ideal for surveying large areas seabed. The frequencies used for side-scan sonar anywhere is 100 kilohertz of 500 kilohertz. The use of higher frequencies for this type of sonar Image analysis results of better quality, but offers less range.
Multi beam sonar
The process of multi-beam sonar is different from the techniques side-scan sonar. It uses sound energy to define the sea floor by measuring the time of the signal generated for travel from the transmitter to the ocean and back.
A multi-beam sonar equipment is usually attached to the body of the ship and depend largely on timing. The data collected depends on the depth of water that actually the polls for the data. This procedure provides good image quality even for small items of approximately 1 m in diameter in size. This type of sonar is also able to determine if an object is hard solid or soft clay, which also provides data on all the composition of the ocean bottom.
Submarine Cables
Transcontinental Using fiber optic cable route is widely used today with the availability of modern communications in place. It is also sometimes referred to as undersea cables, because it is immersed only in the top of the seabed in worldwide. (Fiber optics). These cables are credited for the success of communications technology today voice, video and Internet. About 90% of all communications inside and outside the United States and North America have been made, possibly by these cables.
Before any work begins in Transcontinental fiber-optic cable projects of roads, a lot of time and study is done by contractors. These include the study of ocean floor which provides important data such as depth and characteristics of the seabed, where cables are laid. (Fiber Optic)
The use of sonar system Multi-beam of the submarine cable projects can not be at all ideal, because its function is mainly in the depth of measurement. Its disadvantage is that as the Surveys of entering deep water, where performance data is less precise. Therefore, the use of side scan sonar is ideal for any assignment of the oceans Soil preparation for any transcontinental fiber optic projects. Side-scan sonar provides further information when used for studies or surveys on the sea floor anywhere on earth. The important feature of side-scan sonar is its ability to provide a clear picture and explore the state of the wires submarines and for security purposes.
About the Author
C. Ozcan - is the author for Site Insaat Inc. Please visit Turk Mimarlar ve Müteahhitler Şirketi for more details about Turkish architecture and construction services in Turkey.
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